Dinosaur species laid eggs like reptiles, brooded like birds, new study finds
The birds we see today are the predecessor of a dinosaur that learned to fly and survived mass extinction 66 million years ago, but little is known about their transition.
While they were the only species to survive the Cretaceous period, there also wasn't much known about how similar the dinosaurs and modern-day birds could be.
A tiny piece of a dinosaur eggshell, about the size of a fingernail, was central in an international study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal, helping reconstruct the prehistoric creature's reproductive system and establish its physiology, metabolism and body temperature.
The Troodon, believed to be a meter-long meat-eating dinosaur, is considered to have given rise to birds, said Francois Therrien, a paleontologist at the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Drumheller, Alta., who is one the authors of the study.
The study, he said, "can give us a lot of information about what occurred during that transformation from a typical meat-eating dinosaur to a bird, (like) answering questions about whether the birds really inherit most of the characteristics from meat-eating dinosaurs."
Therrien added the transition was a gradual one, something researchers found by looking at similarities the dinosaur had to modern-day reptiles and birds.
The study found that Troodons were warm-blooded animals with a reproductive system similar to today's reptiles, but they also had the ability to moderate their body temperature similar to birds.
While Troodon eggs resembled a bird's egg in shape and surface, the female dinosaurshad two ovaries and could lay two eggs at a time, like that of reptiles.
This also means a female Troodon could lay four to six eggs per clutch, said Darla Zelenitsky, a dinosaur paleobiology professor at the University of Calgary.
"We were able to figure out the dinosaur produced its eggs very slowly, which is typical of modern reptiles," said Zelenitsky, who also is one of the authors of the study.
Female birds have one ovary and can lay an egg every one or two days. Researchers aren't clear if the evolutionary loss of an ovary happened among non-avian dinosaurs or after the transition into birds.
A Troodon sits on top of a nest in this illustration provided by Masato Hattori. The birds we see today are a form of meat-eating dinosaurs that learned to fly and survived mass extinction 66 million years ago, but little is known about their transition. (THE CANADIAN PRESS/HO-Masato Hattori)The study used a technique called dual clumpedisotope thermometry to measure the heavier varieties of oxygen and carbonin the eggshell fossils to determine the body temperatures of Troodons and to better understand the dinosaur's reproductive system.
The findings were then matched with eggshells of modern-day reptiles, such as crocodiles, alligators and certain species of a turtle, as well as birds like chickens, sparrows, wrens and ostriches.
The dinosaur nestlings, some found at two sites in southern Alberta, had up to 24 eggs, suggesting female Troodons laid eggs in communal nests, which is seen among birds including ostriches.
"It's possible that some (Troodon) mothers congregated together to build communal nests and lay all their eggs, and then share duties of guarding and brooding all the eggs in turns," Therrien said.
The nests also reflected intelligence among the Troodons, Therrien and Zelenitsky said. The dinosaurs buried the eggs in the nest vertically with the pointy down and the blunt side up, which could have improved incubation.
The eggshell fossils, which are stored at the Royal Tyrrell Museum, helped scientists reconstruct the Earth's surface temperature to understand better the body temperature of the dinosaur and the mineralization processes of the fossils.
The isotope clumping of oxygen and carbon crystallization, which depends on temperature, also revealed the body temperature of the species.
Troodon dinosaurs were believed to lay eggs at between 30 C and42 C. The species had a resting body temperature of 42 C, which could be lowered to 30 C, depending on their environment, similar to birds.
Troodon fossil eggs are shown in this handout image provided by Darla Zelenitsky. The birds we see today are a form of meat-eating dinosaurs that learned to fly and survived mass extinction 66 million years ago, but little is known about their transition. (THE CANADIAN PRESS/HO-Darla Zelenitsky)Scientists are now looking into whether Troodons could have survived in humid areas in different parts of the world, as opposed to the semi-arid regions where the eggs were first discovered.
"Most people think that you need to find complete dinosaur skeletons to be able to say something about its biology and the animals when they were alive," Therrien said.
"With the study, we truly can go into how an animal functioned by studying the isotopic composition of the eggshell that you can't obtain from the study of bones alone."
Researchers are now looking into Troodon eggs from different sites and from periods to see if the patterns found in this study continue to be consistent with other eggs.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published April 3, 2023.
CTVNews.ca Top Stories
Air turbulence: When can it become dangerous?
Flight turbulence like that encountered by a Singapore Airlines flight on Tuesday is extremely common, but there's one aspect of severe turbulence an aviation expert says can lead to serious injury.
B.C. serial killer Robert Pickton hospitalized after prison attack
British Columbia serial killer Robert Pickton was attacked and sustained life-threatening injuries in a Quebec prison Sunday in what officials described as a 'major assault.'
WATCH Why today's inflation numbers are good if you have a mortgage
New inflation data is 'welcome news' for consumers and an economist says it could signal the possibility for a interest rate cut as several core measures also continue to ease.
Conservatives kick off return to House with new call for Speaker Greg Fergus to resign
Pierre Poilievre's Conservatives returned to the House of Commons on Tuesday with a renewed call for Speaker Greg Fergus to resign, this time over 'very partisan' and 'inflammatory' language used to promote an upcoming event.
opinion Tom Mulcair: With Trudeau spiralling, Mark Carney waits in the wings
In his latest column for CTVNews.ca, former NDP leader Tom Mulcair argues that if there's an unofficial frontrunner in the eventual race to replace Justin Trudeau as Liberal leader, it has to be former Bank of Canada governor Mark Carney.
Loblaw boycott organizers say they plan to keep movement going past May
The organizers of a month-long boycott of Loblaw-owned stores say they've decided to extend the boycott past May.
Trump campaign calls 'The Apprentice' 'blatantly false,' director offers to screen it for him
Donald Trump's reelection campaign called 'The Apprentice,' a film about the former U.S. president in the 1980s, 'pure fiction' and vowed legal action following its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival. But director Ali Abbasi is offering to privately screen the film for Trump.
Feels like mid-30s in parts of Canada, while other areas expecting snow
Anything is possible this week, as far as Canada's weather is concerned, with forecasts ranging from scorching heat in some parts of the country to rain and snow in others.
Nestle to sell $5 pizza, sandwiches in the U.S. for Wegovy, Ozempic users
Nestle NESN.S will market a new, US$5 line of frozen pizzas and protein-enriched pastas in the United States which it says it designed specifically for people taking drugs such as Wegovy or Ozempic for weight loss.